西北师范大学中学英语课程与教学设计(2022春)课后习题答案

Unit 1 The basics of instructional design

• Learning is acquiring or getting _______ or _______by study, experience, or instruction. (…
• Instructional design aims to produce instruction that will facilitate learning  effective…
• Behaviorists regard learning as _______. (  ) Athe discovery of rules Ban interactive pro…
• Cognitivists regard learners as _______ of information. (  ) Apassive receivers Bactive p…
• Constructivists believe that language develops through the _______ between an  individual…
• Instructional design aims to make learning more_______, _______, and _______.  Acomplex B…
• Teaching is the activities which are intended to guide and facilitate learning. ()
• The concepts of “teaching” and “instruction” are quite often used interchangeably. ()…
• “Teaching” and “learning” are two separate concepts which have no intrinsic relationsh…
• Instructional design reminds teachers to prepare materials beforehand. ()
• ADDIE stands for Analysis, _______, Development, _______, and _______.   (  ) ADesign BI…
• The most critical analyses to be carried out at the Analysis stage are _______   analysi…
• At the Gaining Attention stage, the teacher can capture learners’ attention by   ______…
• At the Providing Guidance stage, the teacher should_______, _______, _______,  etc. (  )…
• The common characteristics of many instructional design models are: _______,   _______,…
• Frequently providing feedback helps learners figure out what they’re doing well and what …
• The teacher should inform students the required performance and criteria for standard per…
• The teacher should inform students the required performance and criteria for standard per…
• When presenting new contents, the teacher should structure the information in a meaningful…
• It is necessary for the teacher to help students transfer the new knowledge and skills ont…
• Teacher and teacher performance should be the focal point of instructional design. ( )
• Instructional objectives describe _______. (  ) Athe process of instruction Bwhat the lea…
• Cognitive learning domain objectives concern with _______, _______, and _______. （  ） Aunde…
• Psychomotor learning domain objectives concern with special _______. ( ) Askills Bemotion …
• Affective objectives emphasize _______. (  ) Aacting Bthinking Cfeeling Dimaging 
• According to Robert Mager, instructional objectives should contain three basic component…
• A well-formulated objective should be _______, _______, and _______. ( ) Adividable Bspeci…
• Instructional objectives emphasize student behaviors, rather than the behaviors of the in…
• “Enjoying music” is a cognitive domain objective. ( )
• Using action verbs helps to make objectives more specific, observable and measurable. ( )
• “Know” is an action verb that can be easily observed. ( )
• An instructional procedure is a framework or a model that is planned and implemented to ar…
• The acronym PPP represents _______, _______, and _______. (  ) Apresentation Bproblem Cpr…
• The focus of the Activate phase in the ESA model is the_______ of the language.     ( …
• The five components of a five-stage model are _______, elicitation, _______, accurate repr…
• The objective of the Pre- stage in PWP model is to _______ and help them to prepare for th…
• PPP is a model used to describe typical stages of the inductive way of teaching language k…
• During the Engage phrase, a teacher can arouse the students’ interest and attention by a …
• During the accurate reproduction stage, the students should be asked to repeat and practic…
• Debates and role plays are examples of post-stage activities to help students integrate wh…
• All instructional procedures introduced in this lecture have to take place in a linear ord…
• “Assessment” and “_______” are sometimes used interchangeably. (  ) Aexamination ​​…
• Teachers use the results of formative assessment to _______. (  ) Amake adjustment and im…
• Summative assessments are said to be _______. (  ) Aassessment for learning Bassessment a…
• When designing language classroom assessment, a teacher should align the assessment activi…
• If a teacher wants to assess whether students can explain something or not, he/she may cho…
• Tests are subsets of assessments. ( )
• Formative assessment is usually done after the instruction to determine where the students…
• Good teachers constantly assess students’ learning in the process of the instruction. ( …
• Standardized tests are formative assessments. ( )
• Teachers need to use many different assessments so as to best represent the students' lear…

Unit 2 Desgning Pronunciaiton teaching

• The study of pronunciation includes _______. (  ) Aattention to the particular sounds of …
• Phonological awareness refers to _______. (  ) Aan individual’s awareness of the sound s…
• The hypothesis that a biologically determined period of life when language can be acquired…
• The objective of pronunciation teaching should be _______. (  ) Agetting learners to acqu…
• Pronunciation refers to the production of sounds that we use to make meaning. ( )
• There are two reasons why we should teach pronunciation. The first is the role of pronunci…
• In a foreign language learning context, teachers needn’t spare special efforts to focus o…
• In a foreign language learning environment, it is compulsory for students to acquire nati…
• Intelligibility implies two types of ability: the speaker's ability to say words or senten…
• The most important factor influencing pronunciation is motivation. ( )
• Individual sounds are the basic units of pronunciation, and are often referred to as _____…
• Vowels and consonants go together to make _______. () Awords Bphrases Cphonemes DAllophone…
• Monophthongs are described according to _______, _______, _______. (  ) Athe height of th…
• The combination of stressed and unstressed syllable produces the _______of English sentenc…
• Learning pronunciation is to learn to produce the sounds of English accurately enough. ()
• A diphthong is a single sound produced when two vowels, one dominant in duration and stres…
• The syllable which carries secondary stress is said with less breath effort than unstresse…
• The diphthongs can be described according to the vowel height, frontness and the roundedne…
• Consonants are described and classified according to their production: manner of articulat…
• A falling-rising tone signals a question or continuation. ()
• Teachers need to provide learners with generous degrees of affective support during pronun…
• Teachers need to provide learners with generous degrees of affective support during pronun…
• _______is beneficial for improving learners’ pronunciation intelligibility. () ATeaching …
• Morley in 1994 speaks of the pronunciation teacher as a “_______”. () Aknowledge deliver…
• When offering feedback, teachers could_______. () Asupport learners’ efforts Bguide them …
• When designing pronunciation activity, it is important that the design should be appropria…
• Different kinds of intelligences may include musical, interpersonal, spatial-visual, and l…
• Tone awareness activity is suitable for correcting errors in pronunciation teaching. ( )
• When students engage in pair or group working to improve their pronunciation, teachers don…
• All APPs related to pronunciation can be used in pronunciation teaching. ( )
• Students can evaluate their pronunciation level by themselves. ( )
• Which of the following techniques can be used to teach pronunciation? (  ) Asound discrim…
• ________ technique focuses mainly on warming up the organs of speech through tongue exerci…
• ( ) means that all people have different kinds of “intelligences”, and we could offer va…
• ________ helps learners to focus attention on the horizontal tongue movement in pronouncin…
• When designing pronunciation activity, it is important that the design should be appropria…
• Different kinds of intelligences may include musical, interpersonal, spatial-visual, and l…
• When students engage in pair or group working to improve their pronunciation, teachers don…

Unit 3 Designing Vocabulary teaching

• Without ( )very little can be conveyed, without ( )nothing can be conveyed. () Agrammar, v…
• When we teach students a word, we should teach its _______,______________. () Aform Bmeani…
• ( )vocabulary refers to words that one is able to recognize and comprehend in reading or l…
• Stern (1983) proposed a framework for examination of second language learning, which inclu…
• Chunks include_______, fixed and semi-fixed expressions and idioms. () Along phrases Bslan…
• Without an extensive vocabulary and strategies for acquiring new vocabulary, learners ofte…
• Passive vocabulary refers to words that one is not only able to recognize but also able to…
• As an English teacher, one should teach students all the meanings of a word. ()
• Context-based vocabulary learning works better than wordlist-based vocabulary learning. ()
• Incidental vocabulary learning occurs all of the time when we read, listen or watch a movi…
• Vocabulary knowledge can fall into three broad categories: _______,______and________.   (…
• The meaning of a word is primarily what it refers to in the real world, that is, its______…
• _______are items that serve as specific examples of a general concept. () AHyponyms BSynon…
• Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are_______words. () Afunction Bcontent Cuseful Dkey
• When designing pronunciation activity, it is important that the design should be appropria…
• Different kinds of intelligences may include musical, interpersonal, spatial-visual, and l…
• When students engage in pair or group working to improve their pronunciation, teachers don…
• Teachers should model an enthusiasm for and curiosity about new words through their own be…
• Through_______and_______, students can become familiar with new words and understand how t…
• _______and_______ are two very important strategies for dealing with low frequency words. …
• Teachers can help learners take responsibility in vocabulary learning by_______, _______, …
• When designing pronunciation activity, it is important that the design should be appropria…
• Different kinds of intelligences may include musical, interpersonal, spatial-visual, and l…
• When students engage in pair or group working to improve their pronunciation, teachers don…
• To present vocabulary means to introduce various aspects of the words that the students ha…
• Illustration is very useful for simple words and for visual learners. ( )
• Mime lends itself particularly well to action verbs and it can be fun and memorable.( )
• Flashcards and Pictures are only useful for beginners. ( )
• There is no better way to make a person remember something than to see, smell, touch and t…
• If students talk about cities while studying Geography, for instance, it will be easier fo…
• Composing some short stories based on new words learners just learned is the best way to p…
• Composing some short stories based on new words learners just learned is the best way to p…
• Using prefixes and suffixes to build new lexical items from given words is a good way to l…
• In foreign language teaching and learning, fluency development involves making the best us…
• Guessing meaning from context is not a good way to develop vocabulary. ( )

Unit 4 Designing Grammar teaching

• _____believes Grammar is a set of rules that define how words (or parts of words) are comb…
• ( ) considers grammatical structures not only have form, but also are used to express mean…
• A communicative view sees grammar as a resource that enables us to _______. ( ) Aget thing…
• The major factors or variables that influence the importance of grammar learning are______…
• Diane Larsen-freeman claims grammar is the structural foundation of our ability to express…
• It is generally accepted that grammar is seen as the way language manipulates and combines…
• Grammar is something to be learned as an end in itself. ()
• While in teaching grammar, teachers provide the means by which students can build up the s…
• It is unnecessary for all people to learn grammar ().
• Grammar is the vital component in the human mind that allows us to use language for any pu…
• ( ) believes that grammar embodies the three dimensions of form, meaning, and use? () ADav…
• The _______ of grammar mainly focuses on the accuracy of grammatical points. () AForm BMea…
• Creating a() _______ plays an important role in introducing new grammatical structure. () …
• When students can transfer grammatical knowledge to relevant situations, this grammatical …
• When teaching grammar, teachers should pay more attention only to the form of certain gram…
• “Meaning” in three dimensions of grammar focuses on its appropriateness, when and why it…
• Teachers should help their students to use the structures meaningfully and appropriately b…
• Grammatical structures should be taught in isolation. ()
• Teachers should organize more drilling exercises for grammar. ()
• Meaning communication is very important for acquiring certain grammatical structures. ()
• The approach that teacher gives a grammatical explanation or rule followed by a set of exe…
• ( ) approach proposes that the teacher presents the learners with samples of language and,…
• When teaching grammar, we should focus on _______knowledge. () Aaffective Bprocedural Cenc…
• Teachers should make clear the relationship between grammatical form and _______function. …
• Inductive is better than deductive approach for teaching grammar. ()
• Inductive approach requires less mental effort, and most students like this method. ()
• Deductive approach needs greater mental effort, and it takes more time for learners to com…
• Inductive techniques appear to result in learners retaining more of the language in the lo…
• Declarative knowledge is knowing language rules ()
• Students need to develop mastery of target language items by memorizing rules. ()
• ( ) method is known as a “top down” approach when presenting grammar. ( ) AInductive BFo…
• The major disadvantages for deductive method include_______. ( ) AIt can make students pas…
• The major merits for inductive method include ( ).  AIt is time-saving. BStudents discove…
• The major kinds of practice when teaching grammar include ( ).  AMechanical BUseful CMean…
• In deductive method, students implicitly discover grammar rules while working through exam…
• Production stage can be defined as the activity through which language skills and knowledg…
• Meaningful practice refers to a controlled practice activity which students can successful…
• Communicative practice refers to activities where practice in using language within a real…
• In production stage, the structures are being used freely and incorporated into prior know…
• When designing practice activities, teachers should spend more time on mechanical practice…

Unit 5 Desiging Listening teaching

• The act of listening involves complex(  ) ，(  ), and (  ) processes.  Aaffective Bcogni…
• To listen well, listeners must have the ability to decode the message, the ability to appl…
• Three different kinds of listening comprehension processes are often referred to as   …
• Listening skills and strategies need to be taught in that teaching listening allows studen…
• In bottom-up processing of listening comprehension, listeners understand the information t…
• Listening is receiving language through the ears. (
• Compared with speaking, listening is a static process. ()
• Listening is the most frequently used language skill. ()
• Bottom-up processing goes from language structure to meaning, but top-down processing goes…
• In listening comprehension, listeners’ psychological factors play little roles. ()
• The items that should be taught in listening instruction include ( ), ( ), and ( ).  Athe…
• Improving listening comprehension requires explicit and systematic instruction of ( ), ( )…
• Given the different background knowledge between the target-language and students’ native…
• Listening strategies can be classified into three categories: ( ),( ), and( ) .  Ameta-co…
• Metacognitive strategies in listening comprehension mainly include ( ),( ), and ( ). Ahear…
• Listening comprehension is the interpretation of spoken language and this includes the rec…
• The cultural background has a significant effect on the listening process. ()
• It is advisable to incorporate multiple skills in a listening lesson rather than target ea…
• Predicting, interpreting, storing, and recalling information are metacognitive skills. ()
• Social-affective strategies refer to learning by interaction with others. ()
• The principle of authenticity in listening teaching means using authentic ( ) and contexts…
• About language content, Morley proposes three principles of the choices to attract learner…
• In order to foster transfer of training, the best listening lessons present in–class acti…
• In order to foster transferable value of listening teaching, the lessons present in class …
• In teaching listening, the top-down processing means interpreting the text in the light of…
• Authentic listening materials can be from many different sources, including TV and radio b…
• In teaching listening, the principle of Relevance means that both the listening lesson con…
• The purpose of language use tasks is to give students practice in listening for informatio…
• Students listen for the gist, and then the detailed information, which is the top-down pro…
• Bottom-up process alone is enough for successful listening comprehension. ()
• The first stage of pre-listening usually involves activating ( ) in order to help students…
• ( ) and ( ) are the frequently used pre-listening tasks. ( ) Abrainstorming Bextracting de…
• While-listening activities can provide a ( ), showing students what is important about any…
• While-listening activities are designed for students to identify what’s important in a pa…
• Such activities as ( ),( ),( )and role-play can be carried out as post-listening activitie…
• In designing listening teaching, listening sequences are usually divided into three parts:…
• Prediction can boost students’ top-down processing, making it easier for them to use thei…
• In while-listening stage, students usually listen once for the gist. ()
• While-listening tasks help to show whether students understand the listening passage or no…
• In teaching listening, listening sequences: pre-listening, while-listening and post-listen…

Unit 6 Designing Speaking teaching

• Speaking is the delivery of ( ) through the mouth. Alanguage Binformation Cideas Dthoughts
• Fluency is typically measured by ( ) of access or production and by the number of hesitati…
• Inhibition, ( ), ( ), and ( ) can be the problems that teachers come across in getting stu…
• According to Harmer, the reasons that students use mother tongue in class can be the follo…
• The affective factors, such as confidence, ( ),( ), and( )can affect students’ speaking p…
• To speak, we create sounds using many parts of our body, including the lungs, vocal tract,…
• Teaching speaking is to teach students to produce the English speech sounds and sound patt…
• Accuracy is typically measured by the amount of error and complexity by the presence of mo…
• Students’ fear of making mistakes, criticism or losing face can lead to inhibition in spe…
• Performance conditions, such as time, pressure, planning, standard of performance and amou…
• It is necessary to teach pronunciation, grammar, ( ), and ( ) in speaking instruction. Avo…
• In speaking instruction, pronunciation is ( ) and also ( ). Athe way in which a word or a …
• In teaching speaking, the two basic ways to teach vocabulary are through ( )   and ( ). A…
• Some rules, such as turn-taking, conversation initiation, and ( ) etc. govern social inter…
• The manner in which we use ( ), ( ), and ( )affects the messages we are trying to give. Av…
• To speak, we create sounds using many parts of our body, including the lungs, vocal tract,…
• Accuracy is typically measured by the amount of error and complexity by the presence of mo…
• Students’ fear of making mistakes, criticism or losing face can lead to inhibition in spe…
• Performance conditions, such as time, pressure, planning, standard of performance and amou…
• In speaking teaching, teachers need to adhere to the principles of focusing on ( ) and ( )…
• To provide intrinsically motivating techniques and maintain interest, teachers need to try…
• Although it is not easy to keep coming up with meaningful interaction, teachers need adher…
• In speaking teaching, we need to bear in mind ( ), from language-based focus on accuracy t…
• Since skills in producing language are often initiated through comprehension, in listening…
• To help students develop fluency the teacher need constantly interrupt them to correct the…
• To intrinsically motivate students, the teacher can appeal to students’ need for knowledg…
• To maintain learners’ interest, activities need to be short and varied, and to involve th…
• Typical classroom interaction is characterized by teacher initiation of language for fear …
• There is no need to teaching strategies in speaking teaching. ()
• Teaching speaking is challenging for many English teachers because speaking involves the u…
• In teaching speaking, Goh and Burns recommend to provide ( ) , such as pre-teaching vocabu…
• According to Goh and Burn, in conducting speaking task, students practice a communicative …
• In while-speaking stage, ( ), such as a role play, a game, a discussion or a debate are us…
• An information transfer activity is a kind of ( )where the students respond to what they h…
• Speaking is a highly complex and dynamic skill that involves the use of several simultaneo…
• There are usually structured activities used to promoting speaking skills, including pre-s…
• At pre-speaking stage, the teacher’s role is to get students to think about what they are…
• While-speaking stage is the time for students to practice speaking in which the teacher ha…
• An important part of the post-speaking activity is the focus of developing speaking skills…

Unit 7 Designing Reading teaching

• Reading is making meaning from written words and it is about _______, _______, and _______…
• Such elements as _______, _______, _______, and strategy define the act of reading. Athe t…
• Three models of reading process are _______, _______, and _______. APWP model Bbottom-up m…
• Many factors such as readers' vocabulary knowledge, _______, _______, _______, may affect …
• Reading is a process that results from a negotiation of meaning between the text and its r…
• Fluent readers are “decoding” each word they encounter.()
• In bottom-up reading, readers focus on the meaning of what they are reading rather than on…
• In the interactive model of reading, there is interaction between the reader and text and …
• Relationship between the second language learners’ first language literacy and the develo…
• Reading purposes vary according to different situations for different people. ()
• As to knowledge in teaching reading, it is of great importance to include_______, _______,…
• Chamot and O'Malley (1994) categorized reading strategies into _______, meta-cognitive str…
• In Anderson (1991)’s Reading Strategy Checklist, types of reading strategy include_______…
• According to New English Curriculum Standards for Senior High Schools (2017 edition, revis…
• Reading is a complex process and it involves different component skills and knowledge area…
• Automatic recognition skills require lots of mental processing to recognize text, especial…
• Meta-cognition involves reflecting on what one is doing.()
• Predicting the theme and content is a socio-affective strategy.()
• Socio-affective strategies can be developed through such activities as pair or group work,…
• Compensation strategy can help readers to understand a text through the background knowled…
• Students' background knowledge for reading can be greatly activated by setting goals, ____…
• As to building a strong vocabulary base for students’ reading comprehension, three questi…
• In interpreting some complicated or difficult sentences in reading texts, it is better to …
• When selecting reading texts, teachers should keep the balance between ______and_____. Afl…
• Automatic recognition skills require lots of mental processing to recognize text, especial…
• Meta-cognition involves reflecting on what one is doing.()Meta-cognition involves reflecti…
• Predicting the theme and content is a socio-affective strategy.()Socio-affective strategie…
• Pre-reading activities should be able to get readers' attention,____ ,___ , establish a pu…
• Pre-reading activities may include _____,  _____, discussing new vocabulary, creating  …
• For question-answering activity in while-reading phase, questions can be asked for ___,  …
• For the activity of retelling in post-reading phase, _____, ____, ____ can be provided for…
• Students’ prior knowledge about the reading topic can be activated by brainstorming activ…
• It is beneficial to ask students to justify their answers in “true or false statements” …
• Scanning is reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the material. ()
• Drawing mind-map based on the text is one form of information transferring activity. ()
• Multiple choice questions are easier than translation or table-filling.
• False summary may mislead the readers about text understanding. ()

Unit 8 Designing writing teaching

• Generally speaking, _______  ______belong to productive skills.  Alistening Bspeaking Cr…
• As the purpose and rationale differ from people to people, there are different writing tea…
• Derya Altınmakas (2019) identified several factors influencing writing learning. Among th…
• That “sentences were the building blocks of discourse, and that discourse was created by …
• The view that “Writing is not only an individual task, but involves social collaborative …
• When we teach students how to write a book report, we probably employ the ( )approach. () …
• Most people acquire the spoken language (at least of their own mother tongue) intuitively,…
• Proponents of genre-based writing recognize and accept the reality that there will never b…
• The purpose of writing, in principle, is the expression of ideas, the conveying of a messa…
• In speech, the information is conveyed through many more words: there are a lot of repetit…
• When we study a model written text, we should focus on(  ) ,(  ) ,(  ) ,and grammar and…
• Feedback can be given on( ), ( ),(  ). Acontent Blanguage use Corganization Dspecial audi…
• By reading a text, showing pictures, ( ), and(  ), we can introduce the topic to students…
• We can use _______, ______,________ to start organizing a possible shape for the text. Ano…
• Teaching writing just means setting a writing task, leaving the students to do it (perhaps…
• The teacher can help students study sample and model texts similar to what they want to wr…
• There is no need to go through the draft again after teacher’s feedback. ()
• A very good way to overcome blank page terror and get ideas flowing is to fast-write. ()
• Students often benefit from preparing a draft version before the final one. ()
• Peer review is not necessary at the final stage of writing. ()
• Learners should bring experience and knowledge to their writing. ( )
• Learners should write with a message-focused purpose for that most writing should be done …
• Different genres use different writing conventions and draw on different language features…
• Learners should not have conscious strategies for dealing with parts of the writing proces…
• Learners should use writing to increase their language knowledge. ( )
• Teachers should mark and correct all the mistakes in students writing. ( )
• Computers provide very useful ways of providing feedback, so teacher’s feedback can be ne…
• “Practice makes perfect”, and it is still true as far as writing is concerned. ( )
• Creative writing is writing that creatively expresses the writer’s thoughts and feelings …
• Appropriateness is as important as accuracy in expressing ideas. ( )
• Murray (1980) distinguishes three general stages in writing, including_______, _______, __…
• Activities related to the rehearsing phase include_______, _______, _______and information…
• Students are given a number of paragraphs and reorder them to make an essay, it is an acti…
• Teacher’s feedback can be given on _______, _______ _______.   Amerits and flaws Brough…
• At rehearsing stage the writer must know how many of the ideas or how much of the informat…
• Revising can occur at any time in the composing process. ( )
• Free association means that students are supposed to quickly say whatever words or sentenc…
• Information gathering activities may include interviews, opinion surveys, field trips, and…
• Teacher’s feedback may take place at several stages during the writing process, rather th…
• Reduction exercise can help students improve their redundant sentences. ( )